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26)Republic Day Parade 2019: Indias rich cultural diversity about display at Rajpath; 10 tips

India Republic Day -- On Indias 70th Republic Day time Saturday the annual ornement in the national capital presented the countrys rich ethnical heritage and traditions. The actual central theme of the tableaux displayed was Mahatma Gandhi as 2019 marks the season of his 150th beginning anniversary. The might in the Indian military was about full display and in specific womens power. Before the ornement celebrations kicked off having Prime Minister Narendra Modi paying homage to the martyrs by laying a bridal flowers wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti. At Rajpath the main Minister received President Ram memory Nath Kovind and South Africas President Cyril Ramaphosa who was the Chief Guest with Indias Republic Day 2019 event. President Kovind hoisted the tricolour as the national anthem played and a 21-gun salute was fired by simply seven cannons of 2281 Field Regiment. Republic Day time Parade 2019 * Assam Rifles tableau: Participating in typically the Republic Day parade at last in histo
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Monoclonal antibody

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A monoclonal antibody ( mAb or moAb ) is an antibody made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, binding only to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different antibody secreting plasma cell lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. It is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to virtually any suitable substance; they can then serve to detect or purify it. This capability has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine.
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History

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The role monoclonal antibodies have come to assume was first postulated by early 20th century immunologist Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the idea of a medical Zauberkugel , a "magic bullet". This would be a compound that could be made to selectively target a disease-causing organism, which would allow a toxin for that organism to be delivered along with it. He and Élie Metchnikoff received the 1908 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for this work. In the 1970s, the B-cell cancer multiple myeloma was known. It was understood that these cancerous B-cells all produce a single type of antibody (a paraprotein). This was used to study the structure of antibodies, but it was not yet possible to produce identical antibodies specific to a given antigen.: 324 Production of monoclonal antibodies involving human–mouse hybrid cells was first described by Jerrold Schwaber in 1973. This work remains widely cited among those using human-derived hybridomas. In 1975, Georges Köhler and Césa
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Production

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Hybridoma development edit Much of the work behind production of monoclonal antibodies is rooted in the production of hybridomas, which involves identifying antigen-specific plasma/plasmablast cells (ASPCs) that produce antibodies specific to an antigen of interest and fusing these cells with myeloma cells. Rabbit B-cells can be used to form a rabbit hybridoma. Polyethylene glycol is used to fuse adjacent plasma membranes, but the success rate is low, so a selective medium in which only fused cells can grow is used. This is possible because myeloma cells have lost the ability to synthesize hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) , an enzyme necessary for the salvage synthesis of nucleic acids. The absence of HGPRT is not a problem for these cells unless the de novo purine synthesis pathway is also disrupted. Exposing cells to aminopterin (a folic acid analogue, which inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR), makes them unable to use the de novo pathway and become fully a
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Cost

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Mabs are more expensive to manufacture than small molecules due to the complex processes involved and the general size of the molecules, this is all in addition to the enormous research and development costs involved in bringing a new chemical entity to patients. They are priced to enable manufacturers to recoup the typically large investment costs, and where there are no price controls, such as the United States, prices can be higher if they provide great value. Seven University of Pittsburgh researchers concluded, "The annual price of mAb therapies is about $100,000 higher in oncology and hematology than in other disease states," comparing them on a per patient basis, to those for cardiovascular or metabolic disorders, immunology, infectious diseases, allergy, and ophthalmology.
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Applications

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Diagnostic tests edit Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence of this substance. Proteins can be detected using the Western blot and immuno dot blot tests. In immunohistochemistry, monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect antigens in fixed tissue sections, and similarly, immunofluorescence can be used to detect a substance in either frozen tissue section or live cells. Analytic and chemical uses edit Antibodies can also be used to purify their target compounds from mixtures, using the method of immunoprecipitation. Therapeutic uses edit Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies act through multiple mechanisms, such as blocking of targeted molecule functions, inducing apoptosis in cells which express the target, or by modulating signalling pathways. Cancer treatment edit One possible treatment for cancer involves monoclonal antibodies that bind only to cancer-cell-specific antigens and induce an immune response against the
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Side effects

Several monoclonal antibodies, such as Bevacizumab and Cetuximab, can cause different kinds of side effects. These side effects can be categorized into common and serious side effects. Some common side effects include: Among the possible serious side effects are:
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